Water Pollution Act ( Clean Water Act ) - 2410 Words

Iowa has been working for decades to protect and improve water quality; however, more can be done. Our suggested strategy is to direct efforts to reduce nutrients in surface water from both point and nonpoint sources in a scientific, reasonable, and cost-effective manner. Our proposal is prompted by the 1972 Federal Water Pollution Act (Clean Water Act) as well as the 2008 Gulf Hypoxia Action Plan. Both of these plan’s objectives are to restore and maintain the chemical, physical and biological integrity of the nation’s waters by preventing point and nonpoint pollution sources and seek to provide assistance to publicly owned water treatment facilities. The 2008 Gulf Hypoxia Action Plan takes these goals one step further by calling Iowa and other states along the Mississippi River to develop strategies to reduce nutrient loadings to the Gulf of Mexico. Moreover, establishing that there needs to be at least a 45% reduction in total nitrogen, phosphorus, and sediment load s in order for waters to be fishable and swimmable. Our proposal seeks to apply the guidelines in these bills to the Fourmile Creek watershed in Central Iowa in order to make the waters in ‘our backyard’ fishable and swimmable once again. Floods are a natural part of Fourmile Creek’s ecology and have been occurring for thousands of years. Although floods periodically occur, in recent year’s flooding has been extensive and has affected many people living and working in the watershed. The floods of 2008Show MoreRelatedEnvironmental Pollution By Lee And Brenda Lerner1315 Words   |  6 PagesPollution As our world becomes more industrialized, the outcome is hurting the health of humans and destroying planet Earth. In the article Environmental Pollution written by Lee and Brenda Lerner, it is stated that problems range from disposal of wastes, water management, and burning of fossil fuels (Lerner and Lerner 200). Although industrialization is very important in the world, restrictions and laws need to be made to protect Earth for generations to come. One type of pollution is waterRead MoreDelaware River Pollution And Its Effects1058 Words   |  5 PagesImagine an Earth devoid of clean rivers with no inland marine life or readily available freshwater. This situation may arise if humanity does not volunteer to end its polluting tendencies. Initially, each individual should focus on taking steps towards decontaminating his or her nearest water body. For those living in Delaware, this is the Delaware River, which is in need of drastic reform. â€Å"The Delaware River . . . is the fifth most-polluted river in the country, according to a report releasedRead MoreThe Special Activities For Forestry Works Towards Supporting Activities1593 Words   |  7 Pagesfirefighting services that provide support from an aircraft and can collect, transport, and dump water/fire suppressants and retardants over the location of a fire. Firefighters also transported through aerial means to help put out fires. An aerial forestry support service prov ides aerial seeding, cone collecting, application of pesticides and herbicides, and inventories uncut timber. The National Environment Policy Act allowed agencies to publish internal agency explanatory guides for agency procedures andRead MoreBenefits Of Non Biodegradable Materials1336 Words   |  6 Pagesthey can cause contamination to ground water and the oceans. So not only are the actual particles of these non-biodegradable materials being consumed by marine life animals but they are polluting the very water that these animals are swimming in and that humans are drinking on a day to day basis. Some may say well if the ground water is contaminated then I’ll just drink bottled water. However, according to the Water Project’s website, â€Å"bottles used to package water take over 1,000 years to bio-degradeRead MoreThe Devastating Power Of Pollution1196 Words   |  5 PagesThe Devastating Power of Pollution Think about all the bodies of water on our planet. Every river, lake, stream, and is essential to the way our world functions. Unfortunately, our society has done very little to preserve these water sources and as a result, our rivers, lakes, streams, and oceans are suffering from many forms of pollution. Every oil spill, discarded water bottle, and obstructive dam continually add to our already-polluted waters, and very little is being done to reverse this problemRead MoreWater Should Be Clean And Safe For Consumption3068 Words   |  13 Pages Introduction Water is a crucial part of life; the human body is made up of 75 percent water, (Pandey, 2005). It is one of the most pivotal nutrients in the human body due to its functions like carrying nutrients in and out of cells in living creatures. Water is also essential in the removal of waste products from the body and also in the regulation of body temperature in warm-blooded organisms, (Pandey, 2005). Research has revealed that human beings can live without food for a month, but they cannotRead MoreResource Recovery And Conservation Act Of 19761880 Words   |  8 PagesResource Recovery and Conservation Act Introduction: In 1965 the Solid Waste Disposal Act was passed, providing for reductions in waste, environmentally friendly waste management, resource conservation, and aimed to safeguard citizens from the effects of hazardous waste. Eleven years later this act was amended to become the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976. The amended act created a regulatory system that embraced reduce, reuse, and recycle; it also banned open dumping. Dumping ofRead MoreThe Need to Control Water Pollution645 Words   |  3 Pages When you turn on the tap and drink a glass of water, Does it taste funny? Is it clear? The water you are drinking may be toxic without any such indicators. Water is all around us; it is essential for life. Over two thirds of earth’s surface is covered by water, but everyone only wants and need clean water. Each year, water pollution increases and continues to be responsible for harming our environment. According to Duhigg (2009) of the New York Times, more than 100 wells were polluted by agriculturalRead MoreThe History of Pollution in New York City Essay1290 Words   |  6 Pagesdirtiest city for 2012 in Travel and Leisure magazine. They cited poor air quality, water and large amounts of trash everywhere. This is problematic, as New York has been trying to consistently reduce the overall amounts of pollution for many decades. These conclusions are ignoring the positive transformations and how they have impacted New York. To fully understand what is taking place requires studying the history of pollution, its affects, causes, reasons and areas of improvement. Together, these elementsRead MoreProblem, Solution and Barrier Paper1555 Words   |  7 PagesAGRICULTURAL WATER CONTAMINATION 1 Remediating Agricultural Water Contamination: Problem, Solution, and Barriers Paper Student Name COMM 2367 MWF 9:10 Instructor Name September 29, 2012 REMIEDIATING AGRICULTURAL WATER CONTAMINATION Remediating Agricultural Water Contamination: Problem, Solution, and Barriers Paper Problem Concerns about water pollution are generally focused towards sources that are highly visible and chemically oriented. However, the greatest causes of water contamination

Essay about Theoretical Benefits of No Child Left Behind Law

Theoretical Benefits of No Child Left Behind Law President Bush signed the No Child Left Behind bill in January of 2002 calling for the country to change the mode of production of children through the educational system. With any major change in any large institution of society, there are going to be advantages and disadvantages. It is important in judging any change by looking at the overall good and bad that is taking place from the change. So as No Child Left Behind is reviewed, it is important to take a look at the motives and ideals placed within the legislation, but to also consider the drawbacks. Title I, Part A, headlined Closing the Achievement Gap for Disadvantaged Students, shows that America has am emphasis on true†¦show more content†¦And while there is merit to this argument, they are misguided because, on the contrary, Title I states that Schools and districts that have no made adequate yearly progress for one academic year will be identified by the district or state as needing improvement. Immediately after identification, these school will receive assistance to improve performance (Bush 2002). And this is another mark of genius in the NCLB theory. That there exists an opportunity for the 8000 schools that are considered in need of improvement by their states (Writeslaw.com 2002) or the 90% of schools in Tennessee and Texas according to the original formulation of the White Houses determination of a `failing school (Bracey 2003) to receive federal assistance. Of course this puts the school in quite a situation because if they dont show improvement after they receive funds, they will be put in situation where they have to give students the opportunity to switch to a higher performing school or receive supplemental educational services (Bush 2002). This process is justified in the Executive Summary of the NCLB law, the writers point out the `fundamental notion that an enterprise works best when responsibility is placed closest to the most important activity of theShow MoreRelatedThe Causal Effect Of Class Sizes On Educational Outcomes Essay1523 Words   |  7 PagesRabbinic scholar, requires â€Å"two teachers [to] be appointed [†¦] if there are more than forty [students in a class].† In other words, if a local Israeli school has 39 third-graders, the school only needs one third-grade teacher to comply with Jewish law. Yet if two more third-graders immigrate to the town, the school must hire an additional teacher, cutting the average class size from 39 to 20. Formally, suppose the enrollment of fourth (or fifth) graders in a school is denoted by . Maimonides’ ruleRead MoreThe National Education Goals Of The United States1493 Words   |  6 Pagesparent participation in the majority of the states. The No Child Left Behind law established strict provisions for states, school districts, and schools with regard to parental involvement among the parents of disadvantaged students for increasing academic achievement (U.S. Department of Education, 2003). Epstein suggests that schools establish comprehensive school-family partnership programs. Partnerships programs can provide substantial benefits for students which include: improved academic achievementRead MoreShould Immigration Be Legal Or Illegal?1701 Words   |  7 Pagesgeneral optimistic assertion is that Immigration be it legal or illegal strengthens American society and promotes diversity and liberty. An admirable sentiment that is, indeed, but as much as the realm of hippy sentiment is admirable it is also theoretical and simply unrealistic. Realistically speaking, there is no such setting in which unauthorized immigration should be acceptable by the invaded society and viewed as a strength, certainly not here in the U.S nor in any other global sovereignty. IllegalRead MoreChanges from the 1960s1143 Words   |  5 PagesThis essay is on how much the family has changed since the 1960s. This essay will contain the definitions and variations of the family and how they have changed. There will also be details of the differences of theoretical perspectives. There are many types of families; the most common family group is a nuclear family consisting of two adults of both sexes whom are in a sexual relationship, with children either biological or adopted. They must cohabitate in the same house hold and share incomeRead MoreZero Tolerance Policies in American Schools Essay874 Words   |  4 Pagesa student is immediately suspended, asked to attend an alternative school, or expelled if they are suspected or caught doing certain things. These policies are in place to hopefully deter students from doing drugs or being violent, but the ethics behind them are questionable. Some research has shown that these policies may not even work, and other forms of discipline would be better suited to help students. The three main activities that result in the zero tolerance policy are being caught with drugsRead MoreFunctionalism, Conflict, and Interactionism3181 Words   |  13 PagesThe â€Å"No Child Left Behind† Act The Effects of â€Å"No Child Left Behind† on Special Education and General Education Collaboration Outcomes: A Qualitative Study The â€Å"No Child Left Behind† Act The Effects of â€Å"No Child Left Behind† on Special Education and General Education Collaboration Outcomes: A Qualitative Study Introduction The primary aim of this research paper will be to determine how NCLB program impacts special education students, general collaboration and educational outcomes. NCLBRead MoreOverview of Medieval Life1506 Words   |  6 Pagesfrom a wealthy family. They had a large house constructed from twigs, moss and mud covering approximately 150 sq. Cecilia came from a one-roomed family house, with a fireplace at the center for cooking and warmth. Cecilia spent much of her life as a child in the garden surrounding their house, where she played and helped with caring for her younger sibling (Agnes), cooking, and gardening. Cecilias home was surrounded with a diverse and large community. Cecilia came from a village whereby people livedRead MoreHuman Capital Theory2100 Words   |  9 Pagesstudy of investments (Becker, 1964).By following the judgement of human capital theory it can be said that it represents a path for the individual to develop his or her charisma to the labour market .Human cap ital theory is used as a analysis of theoretical frame , development of competence , formal education and job tenure probably are the crucial aspects for the individual’s perceived employability. As a result investment of individuals in these respects would be essential factors in identifyingRead MoreEssay on Principal Education2752 Words   |  12 Pages Borba and Olvera (2001) provided a parent summary of the benefits of student-led teacher-parent conferences: students take ownership of their learning; share with teachers the burden of explaining to their parents, if necessary, reasons for poor performance and behavior; all of the child’s teachers are available in one area for private conference, if necessary; parent attendance rates are significantly higher; and students are not left at home wondering exactly what their teachers had to say aboutRead MoreLiterature Review: No Child Left Behind Act and the Americans with Disabilities Act3199 Words   |  13 PagesLiterature Review: No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) Americans Disabilities Act (ADA) Introduction Part I No Child Left Behind Act (NCLBA) The No Child Strengths Act was signed into law in 2002. This law ensures that all people including children are given chances to participate in learning activities and procedures laid out by the countrys educational system. The NCLBA is a revolutionary approach of ensuring education for all in the United States of America. The law affirms that the US government

Battle of the Atlantic Notes Free Essays

Battle of the Atlantic The Battle of the Atlantic played a very significant part in World War Two. In World War Two, after the escape atDunkirk and the inspiration of the Battle of Britain, the Battle of the Atlantic was Britain’s next nightmare. The Battle of the Atlantic was â€Å"the only thing that ever frightened me. We will write a custom essay sample on Battle of the Atlantic Notes or any similar topic only for you Order Now † Winston Churchill. As an island Britain needed to bring in a vast amount of food and military equipment to survive the war. The German submarine force (U-boats) severely damaged our ability to survive the war – hence Churchill’s quote above when he feared we would be starved out of the war. A great deal of our raw materials came from America and therefore had to cross the Atlantic. In normal times this journey could be hazardous because of the weather but in the war the German submarines lead by Admiral Raeder proved a very real threat. Nazi Germany estimated that they needed to sink 150 merchant ships each month to starve us out. German submarines hunted in what were called wolf-packs. British supply ships crossed in convoys and the ships that brought in our food etc. ere slow and they could barely protect themselves. After leaving America they were reasonably safe while in American water and they were also more safe when they approached British waters as we could give the ships fighter plane cover. It was in the mid-Atlantic that we were at our most vulnerable and where to start with the U-boats could run riot. The Battle of the Atlantic was the longest battle in World War 2, which was fought in period from 1939 until the german defeat in 1945. It started in first days of war in 1939 when allied forces decleared naval blockad to Germany, immediately Germany launched counter attack. Struggles have led the greatest intensity from mid-1940 through to the end of 1943. At first in the fighting participated German Navy ( Kriegsmarine ) and German air forces ( Luftwaffe )that attacked Allied merchant ships and convoys. These convoys, which was often traveling from North America to Britain and the Soviet Union, they initially were protected by the British and Canadian navies and air forces. At the end of 1941 U. S. air and naval forces joined defense of the convoys. In June, 1940. Italian Royal Navy( Regia Marina )joined this fight on the German side. United Kingdom was higly dependent on imported goods, they need more than a million of tons of a various materials per week to be able to deffend against German attacks. The Battle of the Atlantic was war for materials and supply routes, Allies struggled to protect supply routes that provides Britain with goods that were required for making all kind of defenses against German air attacks. The Battle of the Atlantic started at first day of war and lasted for six years. There was more than 1000 single-ship encounters and approximately 100 convoy fights, this battle involved thousands of ships and were fought on more than thousands of square miles of ocean. The ultimate outcome of the battle was the Allied victory and the defeat of Germany,both sides have suffered great losses, Germany lost 783 U-boats and about 28 000 sailors, as well they managed to destroy 3 500 merchant ships and 175 allied warships and about 30 000 allied sailors. War lasted from 3 September 1939 – 8 May 1945 (5 years, 8 months and 5 days) †¢Because Britain was an Island it relied heavily on imported goods †¢The Nazis saw this and looked to attack and destroy and ships going into Britain †¢Without supplies Britain would lose the war- Mission of Nazis †¢The Nazi boats would attack in â€Å"wolf packs† (the U-boats attacked in large ‘wolf-packs’ – when a U-boat came across a convoy, it would radio its position to a number of other submarines, which would close in on the convoy. Then they would wait until nightfall and make surface attacks in numbers. On 18 October 1940, a pack of 6 Nazi U-boats attacked slow convoy SC–7, sinking 15 ships in 6 hours. Next day, reinforced by three more U-boats, the pack attacked the 49-ship convoy HX-79, sinking 12 ships in one night) †¢The USA tried to help Britain. In August 1940 the US gave Britain 50 destroyers in exchange for Atlantic naval bases †¢The name â€Å"Battle of the Atlantic† was coined by Winston Churchill in February 1941. It has been called the â€Å"longest, largest, and most complex† naval battle in history. †¢The situation changed constantly, with one side or the other gaining advantage, as new weapons, tactics, counter-measures, and equipment were developed by both sides. The Allies gradually gained the upper hand, overcoming German surface raiders by the end of 1942 (withdrawn on Hitler’s orders) and defeating the U-boats by mid-1943, though losses to U-boats continued to war’s end. Allies won because Eight things helped the Allies to stop the U-boat menace. . The work of the British codebreakers at Bletchley Park in deciphering the German Enigma code was vital in giving the Allied navies the edge in the Battle of the Atlantic. In February 1942, however, the German code was improved, resulting in ‘the Drumbeat crisis’ when shipping losses were their greatest – until March 1943, when the German code was again broken. 2. Sonar had been invented before W orld War I, but after 1942 the US Navy Department developed ‘console sonar’ which could plot accurate bearings using an echo ‘ping’. Training of sonar operators was also improved. 3. Radar was improved so that U-boats could even be detected in bad weather. 4. The British developed HF/DF (‘huff-duff’), whereby U-boats’ positions could be worked out from their radio transmissions. 5. Six aircraft carriers were sent to patrol the Atlantic, and this extended air cover to the whole route convoys took. 6. Air depth-bombs were developed so that planes could attack U-boats under the water. 7. Weapons called Hedgehog and Squid were developed which allowed attack ships to catapult depth-charges up to 300 yards in front of the ship. 8. The Allies set up hunter-killer groups of ships, including one aircraft carrier with a number of destroyer escorts, to hunt down and sink U-boats. Book Info â€Å"The Battle of the Atlantic† by Andrew Williams Quotes from book- â€Å"The U-Boat’s chief weapon was a surprise; the undetected rush of a high-explosive torpedo† – Boats weren’t prepared for this new technology of underwater torpedoes. This made U-Boats very effective. â€Å"Before sailing, all U-Boats had been issued with strict orders to operate within the Prize Rules, the international agreements governing the conduct of war at sea. Merchant ships were to be stopped and searched; if found to be carrying enemy cargo they could be sunk, but only after the crew had been safely into the lifeboats† – Again Submarines were really new, and they couldn’t go by the rules that all the other ships had (Prize Rules), they could blow up a ship with people still inside. How to cite Battle of the Atlantic Notes, Essay examples

Competitors Analysis Strategic Management Systems

Question: Discuss about theCompetitors Analysis for Strategic Management Systems. Answer: Introduction Artz et al. (2012) depicts that every organization intends for the betterment by following a strategic performance measurement systemin their business approach so that better productivity and profitability can be attained. Thus, these organizations often disclose their strategic management systems for proving their competency in the market and upcoming procedures for a better organizational outcome. The primary purpose of this assignment is to discuss the comparison between two organization- Woodside Petroleum Limited (WPL) and National Australia Bank (NAB). WPL is an environmentally sensitive industry; whereas National Australia Bank (NBA) is a non- environmentally sensitive industry and their comparison will be illustrated by comparing their sustainability report (SR). Outline of the Organization Woodside Petroleum Limited (WPL) Woodside Petroleum Limited (WPL) is a petroleum exploration and production company and is an operator of oil and gas production in Australia. The annual revenue of this organization 2015 was AUS $4.496 billion and they are proceeding their business approach with 3000 employees (Woodside.com 2016). Addis (2015) depicts that this organization has exploration, development and operating activities also inUnited States, New Zealand, Republic of Korea, Canada and they also develops some liquefied natural gas projects. National Australia Bank (NAB) On the other hand, National Australia Bank is a financial institute that serves 10 million customers at more than 800 locations in Australia, New Zealand and other places and is considered asone of the four largest financial institutions in Australia regarding market capitalization (Nab.com.au 2016). Dalyand Gebremedhin (2015) mentions that NAB have 35,000 employees, who not only provides excellent financial services to the locals, but they also suggest them the best investment ideas. Their annual revenue in the year 2015 was AUS $20.176billion (Nab.com.au 2016). Multi-Perspective SPMS for Both the Organizations The focus of this report is SPMS public reporting and thus it is crucial for them to illustrate a range of perspectives in addition to financial including business process, staff, health, environment, community and sustainability along with their performance section that comprises ofthe initiatives and actual measurement for supporting their strategic management. Market Performance Woodside Private Limited is the leading oil and gas industry in Australia and delivered annual production of 92.2 MMboe in 2015, which is the second highest annual result (Woodside.com 2016). Their 2P Developed and Undeveloped Reserves is increased to 19.1%, 264.8 MMboe and 2C Contingent Resources is increased by 151%, 2,632 MMboe (Woodside.com 2016). In the year 2014, they have their production rate 9% higher compared to 2013 while Eltaib (2012) argued that in the year 2015, there production reduced to 22%. The prime reason behind this loss is reducing the break-even cash cost of sales to US$11 per boe. The national Australia Bank performs their business approach by marinating their credit risk, operational risk, non-traded market risk and traded market risk. In the year 2014, NABs Common Equity Tier 1 capital has the ratio of 8.63% and in the year 2015, the Common Equity Tier 1 is 10.24% in the month of September (Nab.com.au 2016). Zhang et al. (2013) defines that there is more risk for the financial institution and the concerned organization takes required management approach for the managing the financial risk with the support of Principal Board Risk Committee (PBRC) and Group-wide Risk Management Framework (RMF). This risk assessment comprises of the first line risk management that highlights the responsibility of owning managing the risk and the second line emphasizes on risk assessment regarding financial crisis and depletion. Moreover, in the third stage, internal audit is the major concern that is responsible for the independent assurance. Corporate Responsibility Obtained from the organizations website Woodside.com 2016, Woodside Private Limited achieved 37% and 10% improvement in personal safety performance for the year 2014 and 2015 respectively. In 2014, Woodside has a zero-tolerance approach to fraud and they also have financial transparency as they follow the strategy of implementing the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI) work and after that, EITI has become the international standard for improved transparency. The concerned organization also implements its Security Operating Standard to protect their stakeholders. Moreover, Bashir et al. (2016) highlights that in 2015, WPL also works for the identifications issues to enhance their corporate responsibility. These issues are a loss of containment through an oil spill as the release of hydrocarbons is low in the context of prevention of risk in pipeline integrity and thus plans for additional piping repairs in 2015 and equipment removal in2016. In addition to that, they a lso improve their health and safety regulation for their employees from severe damage like choking and explosion. In 2014, NAB had invested over $8 million for connecting the customers of Melbourne and make them aware of the benefits of financial planning and encouraging them to invest in microfinance and formulated 145,000 microfinance products for the betterment of the more than 335,000 Australians (Nab.com.au 2016). On the other hand, in 2015, they have implemented programs for health and wellbeing, education, environmental products and services and accessibility action plan. They provide mental health training guidelines for employees and for customers who have life insuranceto raise mental health awareness in the context of health (Bouvain et al. 2013). Moreover, in the context of education, a program called $20 Boss is implemented where students who can present innovative thinking and entrepreneurship, they are offered $20 each and through hands-on experience for planning, budgeting and marketing so that they can also get the opportunity for their better ability(Nab.com.au 2016). Sustainability According to the sustainability of the year 2014, Woodside Petroleum Limited (WPL) provides a structured governance framework that discloses their strategic sustainability management. The concerned organization takes initiatives for reducing the greenhouse gas emission and maintains safety records. Moreover, in the year, the sustainability also values the people and safety, society, economic and environment. In 2015, Woodside carried out its Oil Spill Preparedness Improvement Project and 400 people were trained for spill response, 35 Oil spill response exercises through implementing 90 improvement actions (Kaiser2013). Moreover, in 2014, they take initiatives for reducing its flaring intensity that was 14.2 t/k that became 9.2t/kt, result in a reduction of 900,000 tonnes of greenhouse gasses and in 2015 Woodside target to reduce it up to 9 t/kt (Woodside.com 2016). Image 1: Sustainability of WPL (Source: Woodside.com 2016) Moreover, NAB, have the same environmental sustainability for 2014-2016 intends for 5%reduction in stationary energyconsumption and 5%reduction in GHG emissions [tCO2e]absolute reduction. In addition to that, they also made 5%reduction in water consumption [kL] absolute reduction and all these factors are an illustration of their carbon risk disclosures (Nab.com.au 2016). Conclusion The two organizations Woodside Private Limited and National Australia Bank are f4rom different field yet follow same strategic management system. The former organization is closely related to the environment and hence improves their productivity by put less impact on the environments by following the safety regular strictly comparative to NAB which is a financial institution. They incorporate sustainability through less use of natural resources like papers and emphasize more on the job creation and education to the community children. Reference List Addis, J., 2015. Stocks at risk of dividend cuts.Equity, 29(4), p.6. Artz, M., Homburg, C. and Rajab, T., 2012. Performance-measurement system design and functional strategic decision influence: The role of performance-measure properties. Accounting, organizations and society,37(7), pp.445-460. Bashir, M., Yousaf, A. and Wani, A.A., 2016. Green Marketing CSR: A Proactive Innovative Tool to Gain Competitive Excellence. Journal of Supply Chain Management Systems, 5(2). Bouvain, P., Baumann, C. and Lundmark, E., 2013. Corporate social responsibility in financial services: A comparison of Chinese and East Asian banks vis--vis American banks. International Journal of Bank Marketing,31(6), pp.420-439. Daly, A. and Gebremedhin, T.A., 2015. Can An Indigenous Employment Program Work? A Case Study of National Australia Bank. Economic Papers: A journal of applied economics and policy, 34(3), pp.128-138. Eltaib, E.E., 2012. Environmental accounting disclosures of Australian oil and gas companies. Kaiser, M.J., 2013. Oil and Gas Company Production, Reserves, and Valuation.Journal of Sustainable Energy Engineering, 1(3), pp.220-235. Nab.com.au., 2016. Our programs and initiatives. [online] Available at: https://www.nab.com.au/about-us/corporate-responsibility/our-programs-and-initiatives [Accessed 16 Sep. 2016]. Woodside.com., 2016. Woodside.com. [online] Available at: https://www.woodside.com.au/Investors-Media/announcements/Documents/18.03.2015%202014%20Sustainable%20Development%20Report.pdf [Accessed 16 Sep. 2016]. Zhang, J., Jiang, C., Qu, B. and Wang, P., 2013. Market concentration, risk-taking, and bank performance: Evidence from emerging economies. International Review of Financial Analysis, 30, pp.149-157.